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Banned substances in baseball has been an ongoing issue for Major League Baseball. Several players have come forward in recent years to suggest that drug use is rampant in baseball. David Wells stated that "25 to 40 percent of all Major Leaguers are juiced". Jose Canseco stated on ''60 Minutes'' and in his tell-all book ''Juiced'' that as many as 80% of players used steroids, and that he credited steroid use for his entire career. Ken Caminiti revealed that he won the National League MVP award while on steroids. In February 2009, after reports emerged alleging that Alex Rodriguez tested positive for steroids in , a year in which he was American League MVP, he admitted to having used performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) between and 2003. Mark McGwire, dogged by allegations of PED use for years, admitted in January 2010 that he had used steroids and human growth hormone off and on for over a decade, including in when he set the single-season home run record. == Historical use == Players have attempted to gain chemical advantages in baseball since the earliest days of the sport. In 1889, for example, pitcher Pud Galvin became the first baseball player to be widely known for his use of performance-enhancing substances.〔Smith, Robert. "(A Different Kind of Performance Enhancer )", NPR.org, March 31, 2006.〕 Galvin was a user and vocal proponent of the Brown-Séquard Elixir, a testosterone supplement derived from the testicles of live animals such as dogs and guinea pigs.〔 The book ''The Baseball Hall of Shame's Warped Record Book'', written by Bruce Nash, Bob Smith, Allan Zullo, and Lola Tipton, includes an account of Babe Ruth administering to himself an injection of an extract from sheep testicles.〔Zirin, Dave. "(Bonding With the Babe )", The Nation, May 8, 2006.〕 The experimental concoction allegedly proved ineffective, making Ruth ill and leading the Yankees to attribute his absence from the lineup to "a bellyache".〔 During World War II, both the Allied and Axis powers systematically provided amphetamines to their troops, in order to improve soldiers' endurance and mental focus.〔Yesalis, Charles E. and Michael S. Bahrke, "History of Doping in Sport", ''Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise'', Human Kinetics, 2002, p. 6〕 After the end of the war, many of those returning troops attended college, and when they did, they applied their knowledge of the benefits of amphetamine use first to college sports, and then to professional sports, including professional baseball.〔 According to writer Zev Chafets, Mickey Mantle's fade during his 1961 home run chase with Roger Maris was the indirect result of an attempt by Mantle to gain a substance-based edge.〔Chafets, Zev. "(Let Steroids Into the Hall of Fame )", The New York Times, June 19, 2009.〕 Chafets alleges that Mantle was hampered by an abscess created by a botched injection of a chemical cocktail administered by a "quack" doctor, Max Jacobsen.〔 According to Chafets, the injection included steroids and amphetamines, among other substances.〔 In his autobiography ''I Had a Hammer'', which was co-written with Lonnie Wheeler and published in 1992, outfielder Hank Aaron wrote that he accepted an amphetamine pill from an unnamed teammate and taken it before a game during the 1968 season, after becoming frustrated about his lack of offensive performance.〔Aaron, Hank, and Lonnie Wheeler. ''I Had a Hammer: The Hank Aaron Story'', HarperCollins, 1992, p. 268.〕 Aaron described it as "a stupid thing to do", observing that the pill made him feel like he "was having a heart attack".〔 Former pitcher Tom House, drafted in 1967 and active in MLB from 1971-1978, has admitted to using "steroids they wouldn't give to horses" during his playing career.〔"(Former pitcher Tom House describes past steroid use )", The Associated Press, May 3, 2005.〕 According to House, the use of performance-enhancing drugs was widespread at that time.〔 He estimates that "six or seven" pitchers on every team were at least experimental users of steroids or human growth hormone, and says that after losses, players would frequently joke that they'd been "out-milligrammed" rather than beaten.〔 Third baseman Mike Schmidt, an active player from 1972-1989, admitted to Murray Chass in 2006 that he had used amphetamines "a couple () times".〔Chass, Murray. "(Schmidt an Open Book on Greenies )", The New York Times, February 28, 2006.〕 In his book ''Clearing the Bases'', he said that amphetamines "were widely available in major-league clubhouses" during his playing career,〔 and that "amphetamine use in baseball is both far more common and has been going on a lot longer than steroid abuse".〔 Relief pitcher Goose Gossage, active from 1972-1994, also admitted to using amphetamines during his playing career, in a 2013 interview with Ken Davidoff.〔Davidoff, Ken. "(A conversation with Goose Gossage )", The New York Post, March 1, 2013.〕 In the same interview, Gossage voiced the opinion that amphetamines are not "a performance-enhancing drug", though he admitted that using them was illegal at the time.〔 During the Pittsburgh drug trials in 1985, several players testified about the use of amphetamines in baseball. Shortstop Dale Berra admitted that he had used "greenies" while playing for both the Pittsburgh Pirates and the AAA Portland Beavers, and stated that while in Pittsburgh between 1979 and 1984 he had been supplied with the drugs by teammates Bill Madlock and Willie Stargell.〔Locy, Toni. "Dale Berra says Stargell, Madlock gave him drugs", Scripps Howard News Service, September 11, 1985.〕 Outfielder John Milner testified that while he was playing for the New York Mets, he had seen in the locker of teammate Willie Mays a powerful liquid amphetamine he called the "red juice".〔"Milner says drugs destroyed Pirates", The Associated Press, September 24, 1985.〕 Steroids finally made it to baseball’s banned substance list in 1991, however testing for major league players did not begin until the 2003 season. 〔Assael, Shaun and Peter Keating. Who Knew? ESPN The Magazine. 21 Page 72-80. November 2005.〕 While testing for steroids began, the usage did not stop. From 1991 to 2003 the steroid era ran rampant through the MLB and tarnished many great names and many great records. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Doping in baseball」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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